"We functionally validated several elements for metformin-induced promoter and enhancer activity. These include an enhancer in an ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) intron that has SNPs in linkage disequilibrium .Using ChIP-seq and siRNA knockdown we further show that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) our top metformin upregulated AMPK-dependent gene could have an important role in gluconeogenesis repression."xsd:string