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http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#typehttp://purl.uniprot.org/core/Journal_Citation
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"

Aim/hypothesis

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease with multiple susceptibility genes. The aim of this study was to determine whether combining IDDM1/HLA and IDDM2/ insulin( INS) 5' variable number of tandem repeat locus (VNTR) genotypes improves T1D risk assessment.

Methods

Patients with T1D (n=488), control subjects (n=846), and offspring of parents with T1D (n=1122) were IDDM1 and IDDM2 genotyped. Offspring were followed for islet autoantibodies and T1D from birth until the age of 2 to 12 years.

Results

Compared to the I/I INS VNTR genotype, the I/III and III/III genotypes reduced T1D risk conferred by IDDM1/HLA in all HLA genotype categories of the case-control cohort by 1.6-fold to three-fold. The highest T1D risk was associated with INS VNTR class I/I plus HLA DR3/DR4-DQ8 (20.4% in patients, 0.6% in control subjects) or HLA DR4-DQ8/DR4-DQ8 (6.3% in patients, 0.2% in control subjects). In the offspring, HLA DR3/DR4-DQ8 and DR4-DQ8/DR4-DQ8 conferred increased risk for early development of islet autoantibodies (14.6% and 12.9% by age 2 years). Offspring with these high risk IDDM1 genotypes plus the INS VNTR class I/I genotype (n=71; 6.3%) had the highest risk of developing islet autoantibodies (21.8% by age 2 years vs 8.9% in offspring with high risk IDDM1 plus INS VNTR class I/III or III/III genotypes, p<0.05) and T1D (8.5% by age 6 years vs 4.3%). Offspring who developed autoantibodies to multiple antigens had increased frequencies of both high risk IDDM1 and IDDM2 genotypes (p<0.0001), whereas offspring who developed autoantibodies to GAD only had increased frequencies of high risk IDDM1 and protective IDDM2 genotypes, suggesting that IDDM2 influences the autoimmune target specificity.

Conclusion/interpretation

Combining IDDM1 and IDDM2 genotyping identifies a minority of children with an increased T1D risk."xsd:string
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://purl.org/dc/terms/identifier"doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1082-z"xsd:string
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://purl.uniprot.org/core/author"Hummel M."xsd:string
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://purl.uniprot.org/core/author"Todd J.A."xsd:string
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://purl.uniprot.org/core/author"Walter M."xsd:string
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://purl.uniprot.org/core/author"Conrad M."xsd:string
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://purl.uniprot.org/core/author"Albert E."xsd:string
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://purl.uniprot.org/core/author"Keller E."xsd:string
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://purl.uniprot.org/core/author"Ziegler A.G."xsd:string
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://purl.uniprot.org/core/author"Bonifacio E."xsd:string
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://purl.uniprot.org/core/author"Barratt B.J."xsd:string
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://purl.uniprot.org/core/author"Ferber K."xsd:string
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://purl.uniprot.org/core/date"2003"xsd:gYear
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://purl.uniprot.org/core/name"Diabetologia"xsd:string
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://purl.uniprot.org/core/pages"712-720"xsd:string
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://purl.uniprot.org/core/title"IDDM2/insulin VNTR modifies risk conferred by IDDM1/HLA for development of Type 1 diabetes and associated autoimmunity."xsd:string
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://purl.uniprot.org/core/volume"46"xsd:string
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#exactMatchhttp://purl.uniprot.org/pubmed/12750767
http://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/primaryTopicOfhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12750767
http://purl.uniprot.org/uniprot/#_A0A0E3DC97-mappedCitation-12750767http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#objecthttp://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767
http://purl.uniprot.org/uniprot/#_A0A0E3DC99-mappedCitation-12750767http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#objecthttp://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767
http://purl.uniprot.org/uniprot/#_A0A076L4M5-mappedCitation-12750767http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#objecthttp://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767
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http://purl.uniprot.org/uniprot/#_A0A0A7C853-mappedCitation-12750767http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#objecthttp://purl.uniprot.org/citations/12750767
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